Racial Ethnic Differences Of Offending, Victimization, And...

Q1.The racial/ethnic differences in offending, victimization, and incarceration? Minorities, particularly African Americans, are generally overrepresented in the criminal justice system both as offenders and as victims. According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) for 2003, African Americans (who were 12.7 percent of the population in 2003) were arrested for 37 percent of violent crimes (murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault) and 29 percent of property crime (102:288). African Americans are disproportionately arrested for violent crimes and whites for burglaries and property crimes. Although most crime is committed by males, black women are also disproportionately involved in the criminal justice system. The rate of black women under control of the criminal justice system is growing faster than for any other group, including black men and white men (86:136). Blacks are victims of serious violent crimes at far higher rates than whites. In 2002, blacks were 6 times more likely to be murdered than whites; and although homicide levels have declined for all groups over the past decade, during the 1976 to 2002 period, rates were disproportionately high for African Americans at 47 percent of victims (28 Native Americans also have disproportionately high rates of criminal offending and victimization. Arrest data from the 2003 UCR indicate that American Indian or Alaskan Natives, who were approximately 0.9 percent of the population inShow MoreRelatedEducation, Socioeconomic Status and Social Dilemmas: Three Criminal Theories 2617 Words   |  11 Pagesaddress the issues surrounding education, socioeconomic status and social dilemmas in respect to incarceration amongst juveniles. Specifically, the study intends to answer the following research questions: Does education, socioeconomic status and social dilemmas affect incarceration among Juveniles in America? How can education, socioeconomic status and social problems decrease the rate of incarceration among Juveniles in America? What are some environmental factors that predetermine criminal outcomeRead MoreJuvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act6750 Words   |  27 Pagesvalid court order (VCO) and Interstate Compact excepti ons (ACT 4 Juvenile Justice, 2014). Congress would also like to strengthen the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) core protection by requiring States to take concrete steps to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system and provide safe and humane conditions of confinement for youth in State or local custody by prohibiting use of JJDPA funds for dangerous practices and encouraging States to adopt best practices andRead MoreFemale Criminality11608 Words   |  46 Pagesï » ¿Female Criminals Assignment Female Criminality consists of several outdated statistics regarding the rise of female offending. However, in viewing the current research on the subject, it appears that the overall theme of this dissertations discussion is still relevant despite changes in the accompanying statistics as seen in viewing the following topics: the rise in female offending; the continual rise that females are committing more crimes than men; and the types of crimes that women are committingRead MoreJuveniles in the Adult Justice System3336 Words   |  13 Pagestheir futures. This hypothesis is not a new notion. Literature reviews show that little has been done to understand the juvenile offender and the phenomenon of children becoming antisocial. There is very poor attention paid to the problem of victimization of children and young people, and research done on this issue has been very scarce. (Brown, 2005) The apathy to juveniles begins with criminologists who sought to define them in terms of abhorrence and failed to notice that young persons are basically

The Moral Principle Of Mortality - 942 Words

In regards to the Principle of Mortality â€Å"A reasonable moral principle, whether applied to acts or rules. How our behavior affects should be of moral concern to us. Moreover, we want our moral rules to make our society a good society, and it is hard to argue against the claim that a happy society is better than unhappy society†. Society often governs that way think by categorizing us with race, religion, ethnicity, but most importantly gender always separating us all in some way. Society is controlling the way we think not necessary are actions, they control the way we think in such a way we don’t even know we’re being controlled. By rewarding us when we conform to the rules, and penalizing us when we don t conform. Not allowing transgender students the right to facilitate locker rooms that correspond to their inner gender-identity is pure discrimination. if we aren t accepting and keeping are transgender students safe by accepting who they truly are by allo wing them to access bathrooms neither will engender students how they gonna accept them if we aren t setting a good examples school should be a place to learn about all types of things and make everyone feel comfortable and safe mostly important accepted for who they truly are. In order to make a society a good one we learn at very early age that we have to â€Å"go along to get along† this sounds so simple and yet at same time it’s such a exceptional influential mechanism that it’s practically inevitable. AfterShow MoreRelatedThe Principle Of Mortality : A Moral Principle961 Words   |  4 PagesThe Principle of Mortality â€Å" a responsible moral principle, whether applied to acts or rules. How our demeanor should be of moral concern to us. 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Industry Analysis for the Airline Industry Free Essays

An Industry in which I have a potential future interest for an entrepreneurial venture is the ever changing airline industry. Although facing tough numbers after the 9/11 attacks, I have always held an interest for this industry. There are several basic economic characteristics for this industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Industry Analysis for the Airline Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many opportunities, there are also many threats. The airline industry was heavily regulated by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) for close to 40 years. Eventually, Congress abandoned airline price and service regulation and disbanded the CAB. Since deregulation the airline industry has becoming increasingly competitive. This industry is also very large and important to the travel and tourism industry. This industry is also very important in developing new business strategies amongst different industries. Before working with any industry, you should take steps to analyze it. The two basic types of aviation are commercial aviation and general aviation. General aviation deals with operating you aircraft more for internal purposes. Commercial deals more with carrying passengers or cargo for hire. The scheduled airline industry is more of commercial aviation. The first scheduled airline service started in the 1920’s. There have been a lot of eventful history in this industry including periods of rapid growth and prosperity, rapid technological change, federal regulation of prices and routes, entry and exits of firms, bankruptcies, rivalries, financial losses, and problems in safety and security. However, the industry had become one of the most important factors of today’s transportation infrastructure. The table below displays how much the industry has grown over the years. Table 7. 1: Annual U. S. Passenger Enplanements by Scheduled Airlines, 1930-2004 (millions of persons) Source: Air Transport Association, Annual Operations, Traffic and Capacity, www. airlines. org/econ/d. aspx? nid=1032 There are many rivalries in the air line industry. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) divides the firms in the airline industry into three categories. Group 3 consists of airlines that gain at least $1 billion in annual revenue. National, or Group 2, are those who gain between $100 million and $1 billion in annual revenue. The last group is Regional, or Group 1, which gains less than $100 million in annual revenue. In Group 3, United, American, and Delta holds the top 3 spots in revenue, revenue passenger miles, and available seat miles. Porter’s five forces is by far the most influential in business strategy. It analyzes business segments and developing entry/exit/investment plans. Below is a model of Porter’s five forces for American Airlines, one of the most dominant companies of the airline industry. How to cite Industry Analysis for the Airline Industry, Papers

Nursing Practice and Decision Making 1 – Depression & Anxiety Scenar

Questions: Mary is 56 and has a diagnosis of severe depression and anxiety Present situation: Mary is currently in hospital informally. Mary is very low in mood, spends most of hertime standing in the ward corridor and speaking in hushed tones. She is refusing to eat and complaining of constipation. During the shift she regularly comes to the office saying she cant breathe and her chest hurts. The husband visits daily, bringing fresh clothes, her favourite foods and puzzle books in the hope these will help. Personal and social history: Mary is retired medical secretary. She retired on medical grounds following an extended admission to hospital 5 years ago. She is married with no children. Her husband, Clive, is very supportive and continues to work as a part time school teacher. Mary has always considered herself to be the depressive type and said she was always unhappy even as a child. She found work a useful coping strategy and rarely required more support than what the GP offered. Medical and Psychiatric History Mary was first diagnosed with depression in her 20s. This will be the 4th admission since retiring. Ulcerative Colitis Medication: Antidepressants under review due to constipation Zopiclone 7.5mg PRN nocte Senna PRN Briefly describe the purpose of the assignment with clearly stated aims and objectives. o Explain how these aims/objectives will be addressed o A brief background to include; o Brief discussion of the theory of decision making. o Explain the significance and importance of this topic to nursing practice and/or your development as a student nurse (rationale) o Set the scene for the case-study and offer a rationale offering evidence regarding the significance of the chosen case-study. o Present a short summary highlighting the important points of the case study (if choosing a patient from practice, include more detailed information as an appendix. Remember to maintain patient confidentiality and remove any identifiable information throughout). o The main body of the work should demonstrate an understanding of clinical reasoning and decision making processes applied to the following themes; Answers: IDENTIFIED NEEDS ACTION 1 Mary is experiencing low mood 1 Mary to manage low mood and develop skills to manage her mood 2 Mary is anxious 2 Enable Mary to remain stress free and less anxious 3 Her retirement from work has increased the episodes of depression 3 Encourage Mary to indulge in things that keep her busy and away from the negative thoughts 4 Marys husband Clive needs support to understand her state of mind so that he could assist Mary to reduce stress and develop coping strategies 4 Clive to have resources with which he can support Mary and help in strengthening her resilience. 5 Mary is hopeless about her getting well 5 Make Mary understand that her condition can be improved if she increases her will power 6 Mary is suffering from chest pain 6 Know the medical history of cardiac related problems and other health problems and proceed for ST elevation. 7 Mary is suffering from constipation 7 To prescribe medicine to Mary that will help in regulating the motion and ensure a change in her diet 8 Mary has ulcerative colitis and an abdominal mass has also been diagnosed. 8 To confirm the presence of abdominal mass through ultrasound and prescribe drugs and medications to dissolve the mass. Ulcerative colitis can also lead to cancer and therefore its correct diagnosis followed by management is to be sought. Problem statement Ineffective coping related to the present condition of the patient i.e. depression and feeling of hopelessness such that the patient has started feeling depressed and is unsure about the future, whether she will live or not (Ghazaleh, R. 2004). Objective Goals Short Term Goals- Remission of the patient and not confusing remission with substantial but incomplete improvement, conserving remission state and preventing relapse Long term goals- Protecting the patient against the recurring episodes of depression (MHC 2012) Intervention and rationale The intervention of inducing remission (acute phase), followed by preservation of remission (Continuation phase) and then protection of the patient from the recurring episodes of depression (maintenance phase). The most effective therapeutic approach is the use of medication in form of antidepressants. Rationale: The role of anti depressants in treating depression is positive. Although they have certain side effects associated with them, still their use helps in relieving stress and anxiety to a considerable level (MHC 2012). Evaluation The evaluation will be done after conclusion of every phase of treatment. Acute phase: Follow up should be scheduled within 2 weeks of initiating the treatment and the follow up should be continued every 2 weeks till some improvement is seen Continuation Phase: Medications to be continued till 16-20th week Maintenance phase: Should be done in case of no improvement even after continuation phase (MHC 2012). Essay Plan Introduction The essay will define depression, its prevalence and relation with anxiety and stress. Description A short but detailed description of the case study, highlighting the physical, behavioral and emotional features of the patient Main Body This section will deal with the practice of clinical decision making and assessment of the clinical condition of the patient. The needs of the patient will be identified and a proper action will be recommended based on the guidelines set by NICE and the corresponding rationale will be provided. The second paragraph will deal with the interpretation of the and response to the assessment including appropriate symptom management and a plan of on-going care. You must consider any signs of actual or potential deterioration of physical and/or mental health. Conclusion This last section will highlight the patients critical clinical condition, the prescribed treatments and recommendations followed by the evaluation of the case study. References Ghazaleh, R. 2004, Major Depression, Depression care plan guidelines, Peters institute of Pharmaceutical care. Mental Health Commission (MHC), 2012, Guidance Document on Individual Care Planning Mental Health Services.

Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism Essay Example

Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism Essay Selling and consumer behaviour research identifies kids as active and experient consumers able to exercise significant influence on purchase determinations made by their parents ( Bakir et al. , 2006 ) . Interestingly, touristry literature has mostly ignored kids s real impact on household vacation purchases by cut downing kids s engagement in the procedure to passive engagement. Until late research workers were preponderantly concerned with the husband-wife decision-making pattern, accordingly understating the importance of kids s input in the procedure ( Wang et al. , 2004 ) . However, recently, the position contending that kids s engagement is non limited to subjecting to parents concluding picks, but proposing that kids do take an active portion in doing holiday-related determinations has received attending. The paper attempts to critically measure the function tweens, i.e. kids inbetween childhood and adolescence, drama within the phases of the touristry decision-making pattern. In order to accomplish this purpose, the essay begins with sketching the specifics of the household holiday decision-making procedure and identifies the general place of kids within it. Following, the paper provides the definition of tweens and analyses their function in the touristry decision-making procedure. Subsequently, the papers recognises the major factors finding the extent of kids s engagement in household touristry decision-making. Research restrictions every bit good as chances for farther geographic expedition are identified at the decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role Children Play Within Tourism Decision Making Process Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The generic consumer decision-making theoretical account dwelling of four cardinal phases ( i.e. need acknowledgment, information hunt, options rating and concluding purchase ) is normally adapted to holiday-related picks analysis ( e.g. Dunne, 1999 ; Bronner A ; de Hoog, 2008 ) . However, contrary to standard purchase state of affairs concerned with doing individual, informed determination between the identified options, touristry decision-making procedure is more complex. The original acknowledgment of the demand to travel on vacations triggers a assortment of smaller sub-decisions to be agreed on, such as the finish, bundle supplier, adjustment, agencies of conveyance, or the activities undertaken at the finish ( Blichfeldt, 2008 ) . Additionally, frequently devouring a big part of household s income and transporting hazard due to intangibleness of the nucleus merchandise the procedure involves significant research beforehand ( Dunne, 1999 ) . Recent surveies propose that as tourism-related activities are preponderantly shared experiences typically undertaken within the household unit, the decision-making procedure is in fact a concerted pattern. The procedure is believed to be organised around jointly accomplishing a consensus between divergent demands of single household members in mention to the sub-decisions ( Bronner A ; de Hoog, 2008 ) . Furthermore, the faculty members perceptual experiences of the grade of determination power assigned to partners in the household decision-making pattern have changed. Initially, household touristry decision-making was believed to be either hubby or wife-dominated ( Jenkins, 1978 ) . Changes in traditional household construction, such as dislocation of gender function stereotypes enforced change of the common position ( Nanda et al. , 2006 ) . Recent surveies suggest that the pick of leisure activities is typically a procedure where both hubby and married woman portion equal powers ( Fodness, 1992 ; Bronner and De Hoog, 2008 ) . Consequently, the identified democratization of bridal decision-making and rise in popularity of broad upbringing theoretical account ( du Bois-Reymond et al. , 2001 ) has influenced the perceptual experience of kids s function in the decision-making procedure by excusing their active engagement. Additionally, guilt factor is believed to do parents more antiphonal to kids s demands and wants ( McNeal, 1999 ) while make up ones minding on holiday purchase. Where frequently both parents are prosecuting full-time businesss, traveling on vacations with kids serves the intent of re-strengthening emotional parent-child bounds and frequently compensates for the limited clip spent together outside of prearranged leisure activities ( Nickerson and Jurowski, 2001 ) . That manner, in the touristry decision-making procedure being chiefly concerned with struggle declaration and happening consensus between single demands ( Thornton et al. , 1997 ; Bronner A ; De Hoog, 2008 ) kids s demands receive considerable attending compared to the demands of the grownups. Appreciation of kids s penchants in mention to vacation purchases occurs in a double manner. First, kids can indirectly act upon the determinations reached by the parents by merely bespeaking what they prefer ( Gram, 2006 ) . Satisfying kids s demands ( even the 1s parents merely assume to be ) has been identified as a powerful motive for vacation enterprises and factor significantly act uponing the subsequent determinations made by the parents, such as the pick of adjustment supplying the type of nutrient the kid is accustomed to. Parents frequently give kids s penchants precedence, even at the costs of basking themselves less ( Dunne, 1999 ; Thornton et al. , 1997 ; Cullingford, 1995 ) . By making so, parents attempt to protect themselves from inauspicious effects of non to the full run intoing kids s demands, i.e. ruined vacations. Although reported powerful throughout the assorted age groups, the indirect influence is the most outstanding in determinations affecting younger kids ( Dunne, 1999 ) . This is motivated by the fact that younger kids can non supply and care for themselves, and are less cognizant of the active portion in the procedure they could play. Furthermore, research suggests that kids can exercise direct influence on the touristry decision-making procedure by moving as active agents and negotiants. The extent of kids s direct engagement is believed to increase with age ( Jenkins, 1978 ; Darley and Lim, 1986 ; Swinyard and Sim, 1987 ) . Possibly this arises from kid s greater exposure to decision-making patterns in outer-family environment and emotional maturing. Tweens, an age group dwelling of kids in between adolescence and childhood ( 7-11 or 8-12 year-olds ) , constitutes a peculiarly interesting subject in mention to active engagement in touristry decision-making. McNeal ( 1999 ) characterises tweens as kids who seek designation and recognition among their equals instead than parents, but however remain affiliated to the household for safety and comfort intents. Importantly, exposed to heavy advertisement and secondary socialization, tweens constitute a vigilant and experient consumer group with clarified gustatory sensations ( Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) . Additionally, tweens are reported to develop faster in the emotional domain than their age would bespeak ( Lindstrom, 2003 ) . They are found to be experienced and culture-aware tourers open to unfamiliar environments ; non easy entertained and looking for attractive forces other than drama chances ; and cognizant of adult-related push factors as incentives for traveling on vacation ( Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) . Nevertheless, tweens still necessitate the reassurance of their basic demands ( Dunne, 1999 ) . Thereof, reared in the sociocultural environment which grants them the right to take part in the household determinations, fashion-conscious and experienced in tourer ingestion tweens play a significantly active function within the decision-making procedure. The extent of their effectual engagement exceeds the degrees that could be assumed when entirely measuring their physical age. Second, tweens execute significant indirect influence on the touristry determinations by still belonging to the age group necessitating the greatest attending in guaranting safe environment. Although the sum of kids s general engagement in the procedure is believed to increase with age, the research workers agree that the degree of active engagement diminishes as the decision-making procedure advancements ( Swinyard and Sim, 1987 ; Wang et al. , 2004 ) . The specifics of the touristry determinations: high hazard that needs to be offset by seeking for external information and costs associated with the purchase consequence in parents exerting greater control when nearing the concluding determination. On sum, tweens are found to be the most actively take parting in the early phases of the touristry decision-making procedure. In peculiar, research portrays consistent findings as to tweens engagement in the demand acknowledgment ( i.e. primal ) phase of the procedure ( e.g. Dunne, 1999 ) . This can be motivated by the fact that vacationing provides a sense of acknowledgment and belonging to the equal group as leisure activities are a frequent subject of tweens conversations. Thereof, opinion-conscious tweens have a personal interest in the vacation determination coming true, therefore become actively involved in guaranting that such demand is recognised. Furthermore, as parents are reported to see vacations are primary for kids to profit of, they encourage tweens input to guarantee that the experience is gratifying ( Swinyard and Sim, 1987 ; Dunne, 1999 ; Blichfeldt, 2008 ) . Considerable direct engagement is besides reported in the information hunt phase ( Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) . Tweens are said to fall in their parents in look intoing the possible options for a assortment of determinations. Despite the fact that parents are said to be receptive of kids s input ( Dunne, 1999 ) studies reveal that tweens frequently resort to dialogues or blackmail as a manner of exerting the influence on the pick of option ( Gram, 2006 ; Nanda et al. , 2006 ) . Furthermore, it is noted that tweens impact can progress to rating phase where they voice their sentiments on the options available. Interestingly, surveies further study that the information phase is in some cases delegated to kids and remains their duty ( Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) . Therefore tweens place can be elevated to the degree of the parent in the information hunt phase. However, the general extent to which kids actively shape touristry determinations reached by the household, remains controversial ( Wang et al. , 2004 ) . The research findings are consistent in the impression that kids s influence does non outweigh parents overall authorization ; nevertheless disagreement can be observed in the findings on the peculiar sub-decisions tweens participate most actively in. Some faculty members propose that tweens act as dynamic agents throughout the entirety of vacation determinations ; whereas others report their active influence on cheap and comparatively undistinguished elements such as eating house pick ( Szybillo and Sosanie, 1977 ; Jenkins, 1979 ) , or the activities undertaken while at the finish. Sing tweens fashion-consciousness and selling consciousness the impression that tweens do actively seek to act upon the more important determinations such as pick of bundle in a peculiar fashionable and popular area/accommodation seems appealing. Additionally, research identifies a figure of factors perchance holding an influence on the grade of kids s in general, and tweens in peculiar engagement in the touristry decision-making procedure outside of the aforesaid nature of the determination topic. Culture constitutes an of import variable, as it warrants the functions assigned to persons within the household ( Bakir et al. , 2006 ) . Western civilizations propagating individualism and development of independent idea as the nucleus values later influence parents in grasp of the kid oppugning world, therefore leting more proactive engagement in the household decision-making procedure. Linked with civilization, the intra-familial communicating form farther influences kids s engagement in the touristry decision-making. Children brought up in the environments furthering for democratic attack to information exchange are found to play more proactive function in the decision-making procedure ( Bakir et al. , 2006 ) . Possibly this arises from the attack to conflict declaration through dialogue instead than enforcement of one s point of position on the other household members ; therefore kids active engagement in consensus-reaching is appreciated. Marital position constitutes other variable believed to act upon kids s function in the decision-making procedure. Decisions made within single-parent families are believed to include kids to larger extent ( Darley and Lim, 1986 ) . This can be motivated by the guilt factor identified in the debut, farther reinforced by the fact that individual parents need to share the kid between themselves, accordingly passing even less clip together. Therefore, greater tweens engagement ensures that the vacations will do up for the lessened mundane contact. However, the surveies on kids s and tweens engagement in the touristry decision-making procedure suffer from several booby traps. The divergency of findings reported arises from the defects of the research methods used: most surveies apply qualitative studies to rear sample ( e.g. Wang et al. , 2004 ) ; thereof the information received is subjective and slightly distorted by projecting merely parents image of kids s engagement. Studies using kids as the sample group ( e.g. Cullingford, 1995 ) besides suffer from the limited statistical representativeness because of mostly trusting on qualitative enquiry methods. Furthermore, the surveies look intoing kids s engagement in the tourism-decision devising procedure have been conducted in the western ( e.g. Gram, 2006 ; Blichfeldt et al. , 2010 ) or westernised ( e.g. Wang et al. , 2004 ) cultures that propagate more indulgent attack to upbringing and parentage underscoring the demand to be receptive to child s part ( Bakir et al. , 2006 ) . Consequently, tweens features are based to the extent on their exposure to advertisement and mass media every bit good as consumerism, which are uncommon in developing states. Therefore, the findings sing tweens engagement might non be by and large applicable. The research into the function of kids in touristry decision-making requires consistent attack organised around statistically representative informations aggregating both the parents and kids s perceptual experiences. Furthermore, the informations should be gathered cross-culturally and appreciate a assortment of factors impacting kids s impact to gua rantee representativeness. In the concluding analysis it is justifiable to state that the alteration of perceptual experiences of the nature of the touristry decision-making procedure, and partners function in it have impacted the sentiment on the kids s engagement within the pattern. Lenient upbringing and guilt issues trigger parents to be more antiphonal to kids s vacation penchants. Tweens due to their consumer consciousness and exposure to heavy advertisement, but however staying under extended parental attention constitute a peculiarly interesting tourist consumer group. In the touristry decision-making pattern tweens are believed to exercise active influence in peculiar in the initial phases of the procedure. Interestingly, the overall grade of tweens influence on the procedure remains controversial and is said to be warranted by factors such as civilization and communicating forms. However, bing research suffers from methodological defects that make it hard to generalize the findings. The topic of tw eens function in touristry decision-making requires more indepth analysis. Bakir, A. , Rose, G. M, and Shoham, A. 2006. Family Communication Patterns: Mothers and Fathers Communication Style and Children s Perceived Influence in Family Decision Making. Journal of International Consumer Marketing. 19 ( 2 ) . pp. 75-95 Blichfeldt, B. S. 2008. What to make on Our Vacation? The Case of in Situ Decision-Making. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research. 19 ( 2 ) . pp. 287-305 Blichfeldt, B.S. , Pedersen, B. , Johansen, A. and Hansen L. 2010. Tween Tourists: Children and Decision-Making. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice. 2 ( 1 ) . pp. 1-24 Bronner, F. , A ; de Hoog, R. 2008. Agreement and Disagreement in Family Vacation Decision-making. Tourism Management. 29. Pp. 967-979. Cullingford, C. 1995. Children s attitudes to vacation overseas. Tourism Management. 16 ( 2 ) . Pp. 121-127. Darley, W. K. and Lim, J. 1986. Family Decision Making in Leisure-time Activities: An Exploratory Investigation of the Impact of Locus of Control, Child Age Influence Factor and Parental Type of Perceived Child Influence. Progresss in Consumer Research. 13. Pp. 370-374 Du Bois- Reymond, M. , et Al. 2001. Childhood in Europe. Capital of switzerland: Peter Lang in Gram, M. 2006. If We re Not Traveling to Italy, I m Not Coming . Children as Co-decision-makers in the Family? The Case of Family Holidays. European Advances in Consumer Research. 7. pp. 112-118 Fodness, D. 1992. The Impact of Family Life Cycle on the Vacation Decision-making Process. Journal of Travel Research. 31 ( 8 ) . pp. 8-13 Gram, M. 2006. If We re Not Traveling to Italy, I m Not Coming . Children as Co-decision-makers in the Family? The Case of Family Holidays. European Advances in Consumer Research. 7. pp. 112-118 Jenkins, R. L. 1978. Family Vacation Decision-Making. Journal of Travel Reserach. 16 ( 4 ) . pp. 2-7 Jenkins, R.L. 1979. Influence of Children in Family Decision-Making: Parents Percepts. Progresss in Consumer Research. 6. Pp. 413-418 McNeal, J. U. 1999. The Kids Market Myths and Realities. New York: Paramount Market Publishing in Blichfeldt, B.S. , Pedersen, B. , Johansen, A. and Hansen L. 2010. Tween Tourists: Children and Decision-Making. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice. 2 ( 1 ) . pp. 1-24 Nanda, D. , Hu, C. , A ; Bai, B. 2006. Researching Family Role in Purchasing Decisions During Vacation Planning: reappraisal and treatments for future research. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. 20 ( 3/4 ) . Pp. 107-125. Nickerson, N. , A ; Jurowski, C. 2001. The influence of kids on holiday travel forms. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 7 ( 1 ) . Pp. 19-30. Swinyard, W. R. and Sim, Ch. P. 1987. Percept of Children s Influence on Family Decision Process. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 4 ( 1 ) . Pp. 25-38 Szybillo, G.J. and Sosanie, A. 1977. Family Decision Making: Husband, Wife and Children. Progresss in Consumer Research. 4. Pp. 46-49 Thornton, P. , Shaw, G. , A ; Williams, A. 1997. Tourist group holiday decision-making and behavior: the influence of kids. Tourism Management. 18 ( 5 ) . Pp. 287-297.

Family formations, breakdowns and re

Family formations, breakdowns and re Introduction This paper is an article critique of a sociology journal written by Cabrera, Shannon Tamis-LeMonda (2007). The article explores the influence of fathers on children’s cognitive and emotional development. Cabrera et al. (2007) specifically concentrated on exploring this relationship by focusing on the emotional and cognitive development of toddlers and pre-kindergarten children.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Family formations, breakdowns and re-formations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This study exposed three main objectives to establish how resident fathers interacted with their children (toddlers), to find out how financial and human capabilities of fathers affect the quality of their relationship with their children, and to explore how spousal relationships affect the quality of parent engagement with their children. Lastly, the paper also strived to establish how the presence and support of fathers affected their children’s cognitive and emotional development. In their study, Cabrera et al. (2007) say that most children who receive support from their fathers tend to have better emotional and cognitive development than those who do not receive this support. Here, a key interest for Cabrera et al. (2007) is the positive effect of fathers on their children’s language development and emotion regulation. The researchers said, compared to mothers, fathers had a better effect on helping their children to regulate their emotions, while mothers had a negative influence in this regard (Cabrera et al., 2007). Comparatively, the study also found out that most fathers had a negative effect on their children’s language development, at pre-kindergarten stage. The same influence was however neutral for the regulation of social and emotional skills. Cabrera et al. (2007) formulated the above findings through the adoption of the â€Å"Dynamics of Paternal Influ ences on Children over the Life Course model† (Cabrera et al., 2007, p. 209). This model was highly appropriate for the researchers because it outlined how parental characteristics affected the emotional and cognitive development of children. In sum, Cabrera et al. (2007) emphasized the importance of fathers’ supportive influence on children’s development. Relevance of the Article to Family Formation Family formation is a very broad issue that transcends the traditional conception of the idea (concerning how people live together as one). At the heart of family formation is the role of children in the family. Children therefore emerge as important people in the formation of families. Indeed, as MYM (2013) reports, most people see families as incomplete social units, if they do not have children. Certainly, children guarantee the future existence of humanity because they comprise future generations and new ways of thinking in human psychology. Therefore, even as in dividualism gains credence as an acceptable social philosophy (Cherlin, 2013), it is important to understand humanity beyond the existence of parents. People can therefore only understand the future of humanity through children because children bring new meaning to family life.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The article by Cabrera et al. (2007) is important in the understanding of family formations because it highlights the importance of the father as part of the entire ecosystem that affects family formation. Since fathers are a critical part of the family ecosystem, their contributions to the growth and development of toddlers and pre-kindergarten children highlight a small part of this analysis because the emotional and cognitive developments of children are bound to affect the overall health of the family. In other words, as supported by the findings of Cabrera et al. (2007), the influence and support of fathers in their children’s development improves the cognitive and emotional development of children, thereby improving the overall well-being of the family. This is because emotionally vibrant children are more likely to develop and become socially healthy people (Cabrera et al., 2007). Comprehensively, the positive influence of fathers on children development highlights the role of healthy children in family formation. Relation to Other Researchers Cherlin (1995) has investigated the role of fathers in their children’s well-being by analyzing the impact of parental divorce on the demographic outcomes of young adults. In his analysis, Cherlin (1995) established that most children who enjoyed the attention of both parents tend to report positive emotional and cognitive growth, thereby leading to positive demographic outcomes as well. Comparatively, Cherlin (1995) says, children who grow up in â€Å"broken† families often show signs of dysfunctional emotional and cognitive development, especially in their early years as adults. The findings of Cherlin (1995) compare to the findings of Cabrera et al. (2007) because both sets of authors investigate the role of parents in their children’s well-being. Moreover, both sets of authors investigate the role of parents in the emotional and cognitive development of their children. While Cabrera et al. (2007) focus on the role of the fathers in the well-being of their children, Cherlin (1995) focuses on the role of both parents in the cognitive and emotional development of their children. Both studies can however be easily pooled to explain how parents affect the cognitive and emotional development of their children. Although Cabrera et al. (2007) investigate the influence of parental involvement in early childhood development (especially when children are between the toddler and pre-kindergarten stages); Cherlin (1995) explains the role of parental invo lvement in early adulthood. By combining the focus of both sets of authors, it is correct to say their contributions are informative in the study of early childhood development. Moreover, both sets of authors largely underscore family formation outcomes, especially through the understanding of emotional and cognitive development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Family formations, breakdowns and re-formations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The findings of Cabrera et al. (2007) do not only relate to the work of Cherlin (1995) because they also outline a very close relation to the works of Meezan Rauch (2005) who investigate the well-being of children in heterosexual marriages and same-sex marriages. In their study, Meezan Rauch (2005) say children who grow up in families where parents are of the same sex, do not develop differently from children who grow up in families headed by heterosexual parents. The main poin t advanced by Meezan Rauch (2005) is the lack of significant differences in emotional and cognitive outcomes for children raised by heterosexual parents and children raised by same-sex parents. The article therefore established that same-sex parents almost had the same positive parental impact that heterosexual parents do. Like Cabrera et al. (2007) and Cherlin (1995), studies by Meezan and Rauch (2005) also focus on the emotional and cognitive development of children. The only difference between the studies of Meezan and Rauch (2005) and Cabrera et al. (2007) is the emphasis on same-sex parenting, as opposed to heterosexual parenting. Nonetheless, the findings of the three sets of authors focus on family development, through the analysis on children’s well-being. An analysis of these interrelated studies highlights childhood development as an important sociological discipline. Even though the researchers described above highlight the importance of understanding childhood de velopment and the impact of parental relationships in this analysis, their focus on this topic also highlights the complexities that are involved in human development and the psychosocial processes that affect our cognitive and emotional well-being. Interestingly, the focus on childhood development also helps to shed light on some commonly misconceived social issues affecting modern families today (like the quality of parental support that same-sex marriages would offer children). Their findings therefore provide a holistic understanding of childhood development and the formation, or re-formation, of families in this regard (Cherlin, 2013). Conclusion Childhood development manifests as the focus of this paper. The emotional and cognitive development processes of children especially manifest as a core interest in the study of Cabrera et al. (2007). The authors propose that most programs that aim to support the contribution of fathers in childhood development processes are likely to h ave a positive impact on family formation, as they guarantee the positive cognitive and emotional well-being of children (Cabrera et al., 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These findings highlight the works of other researchers who have stressed the role of fathers in improving the emotional and cognitive outcomes of children (Naz, 2010; Madsen, 2007). Future studies should however strive to determine how the role of fathers in childhood development position within the larger continuum of human development. Stated differently, future studies should address how the role of parents fits in the wider ecology of human development. In such analyses, future studies should also address how parental involvement fits within the ecological systems theory because the ecological systems theory contains crucial tenets of human development, such as the roles, norms, and rules of childhood development (Barrera, 2008). References Barrera, I. (2008). An Ecological Systems Theory Approach in Looking at Mental  Health Care Barriers in the Latino Community. New York, US: ProQuest. Cabrera, N., Shannon, J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2007). Fathers Influence on their Childrens Cognitive and Emotional Development: From Toddlers to Pre-K. Applied Development Science, 11(4), 208-213. Cherlin, A. (1995). Parental Divorce in Childhood and Demographic Outcomes in  Young Adulthood. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University. Cherlin, A. (2013). Public and Private Families: An Introduction. New York, US: McGraw-Hill. Madsen, S. (2007). Developing leadership: exploring childhoods of women university presidents. Journal of Educational Administration, 45(1), 99 – 118. Meezan, W., Rauch J. (2005). Gay Marriage, Same-Sex Parenting, and Americas Children. Future Child, 15(2), 97-115. MYM. (2013). Importance of A Child in the Family. Web. Naz, G. (2010). Usage of parental leave by fathers in Norway. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 30(5), 313 – 325.

Humanities Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humanities Final Paper - Essay Example Many of the English writers tried to translate the Decameron or the hundred tales from time to time but few of them were successful in translating all the hundred tales. The Boccaccio linked these tales as both of them are about religious issues one is applauding the Christianity while the other is providing proof for all of the three religions by relating them to an example of three rings that bypasses honor and state to its descendants provided by a Jew to Saladin and remained safe from him due to him (Wallis). There are few similarities in both the novels as both of these novels are from the same day that is the First and are the product of human’s power of revoking ideas in response to the environment that one idea give birth to another idea one point is clarified by the other person in an interpersonal communications (Payne). The similarities that are observed in these two novels are the religious sentiments that are involved in these two novels one applauds Christianity while the other applauds the three big religions that is Islam, Christianity and Judaism (Migiel). In both the stories the ideas are clarified by the use of examples that is in the 2nd novel the idea is clarified by the visit of the Jew to the court of Rome and in the third novel the point is clarified by the example of the ring that passes honor and state to the dependent of a king. In both the novels the central characters are Jews that is in the 2nd novel it is Abraham and in the third novel it is Melcheizedeck. Another similarity in both the novels are both the Jews in the novels were wealthy. Main difference is the change of the result in both the novels that is in 2nd novel the end result of the is that a Jew went to Rome for personal observation of the Rome’s court after the preaching of one of his Christian friend but returned with bad experience and becomes Christian unexpectedly, this novel explains the grace of God on some people. While the end result of the 3rd novel

Define war or peace. Your argument is that definition. Your thesis is Essay

Define war or peace. Your argument is that definition. Your thesis is that - Essay Example Some synonyms of the word war meaning relatively the same thing are: battle, bloodshed, conflict, contention, contest, enmity, fighting, hostility, police action, strife, strike, struggle, attack, and combat. There are many different kinds of wars. There is a civil war, which is a war between different sections or parties of the same country or nation. There is a holy war, which is a crusade; an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens in the Holy Land, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, for the possession of the holy places. And there is public war, which is a war between independent sovereign states. But there all war, F. W. Robertson once said, "Men will ever distinguish war from mere bloodshed". In my research paper war, will mean armed conflict, between nations; hostility or struggle. But will also: battle, bloodshed, conflict, contention, contest, enmity, fighting, hostility, police action, strife, strike, struggle, attack, and combat. Because in my dictionary war is war. Organized crime is not relative. It is universally condemned, because most right-thinking individuals realize that such activity is detrimental to the human race as a whole. War on the other hand refuses to be evaluated objectively, because it is an act of violence sanctioned by the state, an amorphous entity claiming to represent the views, beliefs and morality of its citizenry, and that is why war is far more insidious than organized crime. "Crime" is a word that brings to mind acts of selfishness, antisocial acts that disrupt the functioning of society, that cause hurt or suffering. It is always evaluated while bearing in mind fairness, and thus what is unfair is often a crime. Stealing relegates property that rightfully belongs to its owner to someone else. Murder deprives an individual of the right to live. It is this innate moral compass that helps the majority of men to be able to judge what is crime and what is not, and therefore crime appears to us as a cut-and-dried subject, easily defined and identified. What about war Indeed, there are still many men in this modern world who in their great wisdom proclaim that war is an amoral tool, which can be used for good, or for the greatest evil. Genghis Khan, the Great Mongol Conqueror (if conquering through bloodshed accrues greatness) once said, "Let him who desires peace, prepare for war." His enemies all agreed with him on this point, yet perished underneath the unshod hooves of stocky Mongol ponies. Our leaders today tell us that war must be an option made available to the nation-state, lest we should lose our peace. Some primal instinct that makes us uneasy with war must still flow through our veins, for men to have to keep thinking of new, pallid platitudes and aphorisms to justify war. Could it be that this primal instinct is related to the innate moral compass that helps us identify what is criminal Let us look at the similarities between crime and war. The former involves taking property belonging to someone else; the latter involves taking territory belonging to someone else because you believe it rightfully belongs to you. Crime sometimes involves killing; war requires you to kill, to defend your nation. Once again we see the constant need to justify war. It is, in the eyes of

Consent and learning disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consent and learning disability - Essay Example People with learning disabilities may have difficulty with the second key component. Yet as part of their autonomy requirements consent cannot be denied to them and it is essential that there is an understanding of the manner in which their autonomy can be enhanced and not compromised. With more and more people with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom seeking generic health care services, as a result of the policies of the health care authorities, consent with regard to people with learning difficulties becomes a significant issue for professionals involved with providing health care services to people with learning difficulties (Brittle, 2004). In the United Kingdom nearly one-and-half million people are estimated to be affected by learning disabilities. Two factors need to be considered when addressing people with learning difficulties. The first is that learning difficulty remains with these individuals throughout the course of their life and the second is that these individuals have their own likes and dislikes, history and opinions and possess the same rights like any other citizen of the United Kingdom. The Royal College of Nursing Learning Disability Nursing Forum, 2006, relates learning difficulties to those individuals, who demonstrate the characteristics of â€Å"a significant impairment of intelligence, a significant impairment of adaptive function and age of onset before adulthood† (The Royal College of Nursing Learning Disability Nursing Forum, 2006). There are no laboratory tests or imaging tests that form the basis of identifying individuals with learning tests. The measure of intelligence based on cognitive assessment, whereby the intelligence quotient (IQ) score is ascertained, is the means to identifying people with learning difficulties. Such IQ tests evaluate the abilities of an individual in areas such as comprehension, expression, knowledge, abstract thinking, memory and problem-solving skills. These tests are normally

Overview of Different Web Structures

Overview of Different Web Structures Dark Internet, Dark net (File Sharing), Turbo10, Meta-Search Engine Mansi Iyengar (SCU ID: W1170603) This project is targeted for the researchers to gain insight into the different web structures. The primary focus being deep net and dark net. It also throws light on file sharing in dark net along with meta search engines used by them. This report is based on dark net, metasearch engines and file sharing mechanism. It has been categorized in the form of chapters. Each chapter gives us the below information Chapter 1 tells us about the different structures in the web Chapter 2 provides an overview of dark net and TOR Chapter 3 describes the file sharing mechanism in dark net and commonly used approaches Chapter 4 focuses on operation of meta search engine Chapter 5 talks about Turbo10 search engine for deep net The linkage of each web page is referred by websites structure. Consider for a website having high number of web pages. In such scenario, crawlers should have the ease to find the subpages. Figure 1: Web structure [1] Figure 1 portrays entire web structure that comprises of: Surface web Deep web Dark web Surface web The traditional internet we use for everyday life is the world wide web. Represented by www. Deep web Deep web provides the hidden part of the internet. Search engine do not index these. Thus deep web stands apart from the traditional web. Some components of deep web include email, online banking, on demand videos Dark web Dark web is different from above traditional web types. Dark net stands for a network accessed via specific software or configuration using protocol that are not standardized. For everyday life, we use regular search engines such as google. The exists websites that cannot be looked up on google. For such websites need a particular application in order to access. Such websites are known as dark web. Dark net comprises of decentralized computers that collaborate in tandem to send information from origin to the target. Some of the popular dark net are Limewire, Gnucleus. Users are members that share information. Hosts are the computers that help share the information. Dark web is also known as dark net or dark internet. For ease of understanding we can consider software named as Tor. Tor provides the functionality wherein the user cannot be identified on traditional websites. TOR Tor also provides sites that have hidden services. Basically the hidden or anonymous feature is leveraged to masquerade where server is situated. Tor makes it almost impossible to trace the members accessing website. Tor is not fool proof and comprises of some flaws. These pertain to security configuration. This gap can be used by officials to determine the real server location. The popularity of TOR is extremely high and hence most commonly used. Hence the focus on this example. Features of dark net However, dark nets provide additional facilities different from above. These may include collaborative effort of handling non-licensed software and content Content found on dark net On two fronts dark net facilitates anonymity member visiting website and also for website itself. Governments too use dark net. For example, in order to gain data bypassing and censorship, Tor provides that option Dark net too can be used by politicians. This is serves as a platform to mediate and take decision. Secrets are revealed by whistle blowers on certain sites so that they can avoid being traced. Webpages such as Strongbox help serve such purpose. This leads to establishment of websites that traditionally are not used. They can be used for anti-social purpose. For example, stolen credit card information, illegal currency, drugs and weapons are found here. Gambling activities too are provided. Illegal drugs and goods, part of commercial dark market are made popular by silk road and diabolic market. These are attacked by legal teams. Alternate hacking services are sold. These are at group level or individualistic level. This has led to cyber-crimes and counter cyber investigation. Government has started looking into these using tools procured from Procedia Computer Science journal. Denial of service attacks too have been made through Dark Web. [4] File Sharing File sharing involves the method of dividing or enabling digital media access such as audio files, video files, programs or eBooks. There are multiple ways to attain file sharing. Generally used approaches of storage, transmission include web url hyperlinked docs., p2p networks and centralized servers. [3] Figure 2 file sharing The above figure shows us how figure shows how file sharing can be achieved between access controlled digital systems like private, public and invited. P2P file sharing process Computers or nodes are connected with each other as part of P2P network. The members have the ability to share or download information immediately via the web. Figure 3 Peer to Peer network Above figure shows peer to peer network. Based on the model of self-server and client model, P2P is set up in general. for example, when the member connects to the P2P client and after initiating file download, he gets connected with other members downloading the information. In other words, others peers serve as file server. The initial member also acts as file server when another peer starts to download the file. Eventually this leads to augmenting of download speed. Some commonly used torrents for P2P are bittorrent and ÃŽÂ ¼Torrent. Other popular P2P networks being BearShare and LimeWire. [2] OnionShare Consider App called OnionShare that is available for multiple Operating Systems. This is a P2P program. Entire information from TOR anonymity network is sent through this file sharing program. consider regular file sharing system needs faith. Law regulators can tap into these. Tor helps bypass third party, there is direct sharing of file from one person to another via anonymous network Figure 4 OnionShare The above figure describes OnionShare process. After Tor instance is running, OnionShare will run. The beginning part is by starting a local web server that is viewable as tor hidden service, generating web link that cannot be guessed out. This web link is used to download the file. The web link is then provided to the recipient person via secure method the webserver is cancelled The moment the receipt downloads the file, Now the file becomes inaccessible to anyone. These is scope to expand this further by having a continuous running server in order to share with multiple recipients [5] BitTorrent File Sharing Process Background BitTorrent file sharing protocol for dark net. BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol and the most popular one according to a report  by (2008). In the same report one can read that BitTorrent takes  up a substantial amount of all the internet traffic in the world, between 27 and 55 percent depending on geographical location. This makes BitTorrent not only the most used protocol for file sharing, but of all application layer protocols. As per Schulse and Mochalski , Bit Torrent is popular file sharing protocol. This is also used by Darknet. BitTorrent breaks data into parallel smaller chunks instead of single chunk, enhancing reliability and reducing vulnerability Approaches for bit torrent file sharing Provided below are two approaches for bit torrent file sharing: Torrent file approach TFigure 5 Torrent file sharing approach A torrent file is setup that has tracker, file contents. This file is smaller than original file. Seed is the uploader and leech is the downloader. Above figure describes the torrent file sharing approach. User first downloads the torrent. From torrent the set of peers is found. From the network, file pieces are exchanged. Files are treated instead of atomic blocks but as smaller chunks. Advantage is that the bandwidth is spread among peer as against just the seeds. The tracker for a torrent provides peers a peer list. In this manner, bit torrent communication takes place, which is the same process involved for seeders and leaches DTH approach There is a second approach that bypasses the tracker. This provides greater anonymity. This approach is performed without generating torrent file. For this purpose, bit torrent protocol ends up implementing DHT i.e. distributed hash table. Figure 6 DTH file sharing approach The above figure describes DTH file sharing approach. DHT provides a set of key, value saved in it. The working is similar to how has table works. Nodes have ability to detect noes based on the key. There is unique identification for each node. For this the communication utilized is User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The benefit is that there no centralized trackers. However, the track list is provided by peers that send peer list. Traditional torrent file has web link to a tracker. This step is by passed in second approach, wherein DHT web link is used. DHT network is entered into by the peer using the URL. From the entry node, it can search across other networks for files and peer connection for file sharing. [6] The results of other databases are combined in meta search engine. It takes up the concatenation of various results from various search engines and links then to various resources. [1] Virtual databases are generated from the mirrors of the physical database results of other search engines. These virtual databases are generated from the meta search engines. The searches are concentrated over certain criteria. [2] Background Searching the web with multiple search engines was the issue tackled by researchers. One of the outputs was meta search engine. Search Savvy was the first engine discovered and used by Daniel Dreilinger from Colorado State University. This engine looks over the results from 20 different directories and search engines at once. Meta search engine crawler discovered by Eric Selberg at Washington University. It used its own search engine syntax and searched over 6 search engines. Dogpile formed at University of Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania State University measured ranking and overlap of various search engines. This proved to have one of the best results. [3] Advantages More information and search coverage can be achieved by using meta search engines. This helps the user to get faster and accurate results.   The query of the user results is generated in unique ways by using the indexes which are aggregated by search engines. The input effort for a meta search engine and normal search engine are the same but the results retrieved are more. They also reduce the effort of users to type on various search engines to find file and resources. Disadvantages Translation of the query format or understanding the query forms can be an issue in the meta search engine. All the results sets of a query are not given to a user as the links generated from a meta search engine are limited. The links generated are limited. Promoted websites are given higher priority over other websites. It is probable that the user will get multiple results from the search engine. It may not be stream lined. This is especially an issue due to more coverage over the queried topic. The users find it difficult to use meta search. They might not be able to get any precise information. Operation The above figure describes the meta search operation. The search engine receives a query from the user. The key parts are as below: Broker:   The query needs a pre-processing as each search engine has a specific format of the data being fed in. As they depend on different operators and they do not share the same syntax. The output is a series of ordered set documents. Rank: the documents are raked post identifying the result pages and also in the order of the most relevant links. [4] The input query is passed to the search engines database. It creates a virtual database. This helps to combine data from various sources. Duplicates can be generated as various search-engines have different methods of indexing the data. This output data is then processed by the meta-search engine. The revised list is produced for the user. They would respond in the following ways. 1)   Access to the meta-search engine reference is provided which also includes the private access to the database system The changes made on the database system would be captured. 2) In a non-cooperative way, the access to the interface may or may not be provided. 3) Meta search engine is denied access to the search engine. Architecture of ranking Above figure describes the architecture of the meta search engine. It consists of the users query being sent to the meta search engine. It contacts the other search engines its connected to. They process the results and generate resources. These results are then preprocessed and then given back to the meta search engine as a response. This collective response is given to the user. Fusion Fusion is a process for data filtering. It helps to build up efficient results. Collection Fusion Unrelated data is indexed via search engines it is dealt by the Collection Fusion process which is also a distributed retrieval process. Ranking on the data is based on how probable is the data to give the required information to the user. It picks up the best resources and ranks it. The resources which are selected are combined in a list and given to the user. Data Fusion Figure 9: Data Fusion Architecture Above figure give the architectural reference of the Data Fusion. L0: The user information which the sensors and the sources process is given to the fusion algorithm L1: The machine process of converting L0 output and it feeds it to the L1 process L2 L3: The human process of manually marking the retrieved data as relevant or not L4: Resource management layer adds to the sources and the L2/L3 layer providing th necessary feedback L6: The mission management helps to add context to the user query. This is added to the resource management layer L5: Once all the processing through the layers is complete the data is given back to the user. This is fusion mechanism which relies on the common data sets which are retrieved by search engines. The initial ranks are combined into a list. The analysis of the actual ranks of the documents retrieved is calculated. The links of the documents with the highest relevancy score is selected. ComboSum is one of the techniques used to normalize the scores. The scores produced are incomparable as different search engines run on different algorithms. Examples of Meta-Search Engines DeepPeep Figure 10 DeepPeep Snippet Above figure is a snippet for DeepPeet. Public web pages are indexes and expanded by search engine. It does so by search through various public databases. Traditional search engines cannot index by DeepPeep. It also looks to find urls into deep web. IncyWincy Figure 11 Incywincy snippet Above image is Incywincy snippet. It uses many search engines, combines and filters the results. It crawlers more than 200 million pages. It uses its unique algorithm for relevance tests. CompletePlanet Figure 12 Complete Planet Above figure is snippet of Complete Planet. It indexes and crawlers many search engines and special databases which are not public. It is one of the  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   main search engines of the deep web. Other Deep Web search engines include Intute, Infomine, Scirus, Turbo 10. The above figure is the Turbo 10 is a meta search engine snippet. It helps to engineer a universal reference for Deep Net. It refers to topic specific search engines. Google and Yahoo like crawler-based search engines do not use these files. Turbo 10 also lets you add more engines to the collection on which your search query is executed. [7] Pros The positive thing about turbo10 is that it has the ability to connect and maintain connection to online databases in bulk. This provides connecting to thousand engines in a fully automated capability which is scalable to further connect to another thousand. Turbo10 also finds content on deep net. Deep net encompasses multiple databases covering wide range of topics such as business, colleges, government teams. These are not accessible to traditional web engines and google. Traditional search engines are helpful for indexing static pages. Thus a rich experience is provided as we can tap into multiple databases across such a large range of domains, empowering the user. Turbo provides the option of having ten search engines to search from. Unlike other search engine like AskJeeves, that faces drawback of segregating information into different boxes, turbo streamlines the process by proving the result in weighted listing. This makes Turbo10 the ultimate search engine of search engine. Consider the fact that say four search engines are selected, turbo10 does the work of selecting additional six search engines as it deems as best fit. The result set would be based on either relevance or speed. The decision is independent of the search independent of search engine selected. The above reduction of search result occurs by usage of clusters in box on left-hand side. The benefit of having clusters a few time, desired result set is obtained quicker as against advanced searches or logical expression Turbo10 provides a new search paradigm. For a given page, there are ten result lists on a page. These have arrows. Thought this may also be unpopular, this generates hundred results for a given search. The average case being thirty to forty result set being provided as three or four pages are returned. . Google gives lots of options. Unlike Google, Turbo10 simply limits the search results and provides limited result set The main idea is that with Turbo 10, ability to choose search enigne is provided. Whereas say for a particular item through google, we need to keep searching and may find the same at pat a latter page say page forty How is the ability provided to select ten search engines? The task is completed via the web. A collection name is assigned to the ten search engines, mapped to your email. Capability Turbo10 has a vision to emerge as a leader for search engine Plan to use amazon based recommendation algorithms for personalized searching. This would include personalized profile search, providing bookmarking feature an ecosystem to be setup wherein the users profile would interact with other users. Additional browsing options would be generated for users. Revenue model would tap into sponsored web links. These would be flagged licensing of the product to corporates. Cons Tturbo10 faces the drawback of being highly cluttered. Google has lots of white spaces. The search results are not cramped up. Turbo10 is not visually appealing. It has purple colour screen that may not be appealing to all Many times the returned result set is cluttered. Sometimes the result set gets jumbled affecting result set. Additionally, there is no consideration for punctuation marks or logical expressions. Does not have ability to cache information. Due to high demand and expectation, knocked offline. Intense competition with google. The project is based on dark net ecosystem comprising of file sharing mechanisms and meta search engine. Dark net has continuously using evolving technology such as TOR, OnionShare. These help enable provide benefits of being anonymous protecting their identity. Similarly, the website to gets to preserve their anonymity. Dark net serves as a platform of communication to mediate, take decision and share information. These are used by different agencies including government and non-traditional activities such as whistleblowing. Products that are not listed in traditional websites too are available on such platforms. File Sharing approaches save bandwidth by helping sharing information efficiently. Easier to back up information. Fault tolerance is enhanced through decentralized approach part of peer to peer networking. Comparatively there is ease of maintenance over traditional files sharing system. Meta search engines help to get streamlined results from various search engines which helps to improve relevancy of searches. The benefits of dark net also include cross border payments, ensure complete privacy of sender and receiver. There is application in cryptocurrency, digital trading, eliminating middlemen. Set up of hassle free payments independent of weekend or holidays. Benefit of decentralization is control over your content that you want to share. Other advantages include establish net neutrality which means that internet can be used for all and not monopolized. Hence there is a large scope for expansion in dark net space and technology is playing a pivotal role in enhancing its adoption. [1] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/internet-deep-web-dark-net-firas-saras [2] https://sysinfotools.com/blog/peer-to-peer-file-sharing/ [3] http://www.spiroprojects.com/blog/cat-view-more.php?blogname=What-is-file-sharing-system?id=262 [4] https://www.howtogeek.com/275875/what-is-the-dark-web/ [5] https://darkwebnews.com/anonymity/some-ways-to-share-files-anonymously/ [6] Johan Andersson Gabriel Ledung, Darknet file sharing application of a private peer-to-peer distributed file system concept [7] http://techdiction.blogspot.com/2007/01/turbo-10-search-deep-net.html URL  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Uniform Resource Locator TORThe Onion Router UDPUser Datagram ProtocolDTHdistributed hash table WWWWorldwide web

Descriminationn Against Irish-American Immigrants and Native Americans

Descriminationn Against Irish-American Immigrants and Native Americans Racism is a problem with roots reaching as far back as biblical times, and it is questionable as to whether or not racial discrimination will ever vanish. Many different groups of people have been subject to racism over time. Two historical examples of people who were discriminated against because of their nationality are Native Americans and Irish-American immigrants. Although the situations they faced are not quite identical, they have an abundance of similarities. The Native Americans and the Irish citizens who immigrated to the United States suffered a similar plight in the sense that both peoples were persecuted for their cultural differences as well as exiled from their own homelands. Before all others, varying tribes of Native Americans inhabited North America. The eleventh-century Norse seaman Leif Eriksson glimpsed very small portions of the continent, yet his discoveries never became public knowledge.(Brinkley, 8) It was not until Christopher Columbus’s â€Å"discovery† of North America that Europeans began to develop an interest in the so-called New World. British, French, and Spanish colonies sprouted up along the eastern coast of America soon after Columbus’s expedition. Once the colonies declared their independence from Great Britain and formed the United States of America in 1776, the westward expansion of the white settlers inflated tremendously. This intrusion upon the lands of the Native Americans produced many conflicts between the two groups. The Americans began to repeatedly intrude upon Native American property, and force the Indians off of their rightfully owned land. One person who is often associated with the poor treat... ...persecuted horribly and viewed as inferior, and as belonging to a lower level in the social order. The Irish’s subservience was influenced mainly by ideological apparatuses, while the Indians were restrained mostly by repressive forces, such as military action. Yet, both methods were effective in lowering the people in the social rankings, so that they were frequently overlooked and wronged morally and legally. While we can not take back what has happened, we can use what has happened in the past to try to prevent such injustices in the future. The first step in the solution to racism is understanding one another. Bibliography: Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People, 3rd ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, Boston, MA: Bay Back Books, 1993.